The LSMS high-frequency phone surveys are leveraging existing face-to-face surveys as sampling frames and sources of longitudinal data. These techniques also feed into analyzing the phone survey data and further, producing reports that present findings.
In Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda, the phone survey samples have been drawn from the latest round of the national longitudinal face-to-face household survey that have been supported by the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) program.
In Burkina Faso, the phone survey sample has been drawn from the 2018/19 round of the cross-sectional survey that had been conducted under the West Africa Regional Program to Harmonize and Modernize Living Conditions Surveys.
The face-to-face survey data are used for bias adjustment in the computation of sampling weights for the phone surveys and for expanding the time horizon and scope of longitudinal data analysis.
In each country, the implementing agency for the phone survey is the respective national statistical office (NSO) – with the exception of Ethiopia, where the LSMS has hired a private firm with clearance from the Central Statistical Agency.
During the three months of the survey (May to July 2021), the most extreme behavioral responses to food insecurity generally decreased, yet one in three IDP households skipped meals regularly - a rate three times higher than the national average.
During the Pandemic, access to financial services has been severely limited for both IDPs and the Burkinabe population generally.
Although nondisplaced households suffered during the pandemic, the socioeconomic outcomes of IDPs were frequently worse one year after the outbreak of the pandemic.
Social protection is very limited in Burkina Faso: in October 202 only 8.8% of households declared having received any form of assistance from an institution since March 2020.
In June 2020, about 1 in 4 households reported that at some point since the outbreak of the pandemic they were unable to access basic food.
Round 1 (EN; FR) | Round 2 (EN; FR)| Round 3 (EN; FR) | Round 4 (EN; FR) | Round 5 (EN; FR) | Round 6 (EN; FR) | Round 7 (EN; FR) | Round 8 (EN; FR) | Round 9 (EN; FR) | Round 10 (EN; FR) | Round 11 (EN; FR)
High Frequency Phone Survey on Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) 2021.
The COVID-19 pandemic had only small effects on farmers in Ethiopia with the majority of households engaged in farming able to continue their normal farming activities following the COVID-19 outbreak. The few farmers that experienced challenges in their farming activities, reported mobility restrictions at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of affordable seeds and fertilizers as the main constraints to farming normally.
Refugee households seem well aware of COVID-19, and the vast majority have knowledge of behaviors necessary to minimize the risk of contracting or spreading the virus. The COVID-19 pandemic has hit total household incomes hard: 27 percent of refugee respondents report that household incomes were either reduced or had totally disappeared.
Four months into the pandemic, respondents, especially women, seem to adhere to preventative measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and remain conscious of its impacts. While access to food and medical treatment does not seem to be a particular concern for respondents, female-headed households had lower access to medical treatment in rural areas compared to their male counterparts.
Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | Round 6 | Round 7 | Round 8 | Round 9 | Round 10-11 |
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More than one year after the outbreak, employment levels in rural areas are above their pre-COVID 19 levels (80%). In contrast, employment levels were slightly below the pre-COVID 19 period (72%) in urban areas by the end of June 2021.
Overtime, it appears there is more laxity in following the COVID-19 preventive guidelines set by the authorities and this could partially be because people are becoming less and less worried about becoming seriously ill from COVID-19.
The survey asked respondents if they were aware that the COVID-19 vaccine was available in the country and that people had started receiving the vaccine. 97% of respondents indicated that they were aware of the availability of the vaccine, and of these; 10% reported that they had been vaccinated. Of the 90% of respondents that were not vaccinated and yet knew about the availability of the vaccine; 30% reported that they do not plan on getting the vaccine even if it was made available to them in the months to come.
Following the COVID-19 outbreak, two-thirds of households with non-farm enterprises reported in either this round of data collection or previous rounds reported either temporary or permanent closures due to COVID-19 related restrictions.
The respondents who felt the pandemic would substantially affect household finances increased from 70% to 80% in December 2020 and January 2021 respectively.
Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 1-4 (May/Sept 2020) | Round 5 | Round 6 | Round 7 | Round 8 | Round 9 | Round 10-11 | Round 12
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This report draws on data from 12 rounds of the NLPS as well as other relevant data to analyze COVID-19 impacts in Nigeria’s human capital, livelihoods, and welfare. It also looks ahead to the broad challenges of building back better in Nigeria and summarizes priorities for policymaking and implementation.
This report presents the findings from the baseline round. The report discusses the details of the survey sample, then summarizes findings on a series of topics: households’ knowledge of COVID-19 and their behavior in response; reported shocks; the pandemic’s effects on employment and livelihoods; what ordinary people are doing to cope with the pandemic’s health and economic fallout; and how COVID-19 is affecting children’s education.
This report presents the findings from the 5th round. In the 5th round, employment information was collected from up to six working-age individuals (15-64 years) in the household rather than just the main respondent, allowing for more detailed individual-level analysis of people’s working situation.
This report presents findings from the 10th round. The 10th round built on the 5th round, by once again collecting employment information from up to six working-age individuals (15-64 years) in the household rather than just the main respondent. The 10th round also collected further information on people’s concerns about the COVID-19 crisis and their attitudes towards vaccinations.
This report presents the findings from the 12th round. The most important innovation in the 12th round was to collect information from a youth (someone aged 15-25 years old) randomly selected from each household. This provides a deeper understanding of youth aspirations regarding education, employment, and migration; and their willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | Round 6 | Rounds 7-8 | Round 9 | Round 10 | Round 12
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Initial results from five rounds of a High-frequency Welfare Monitoring (Phone) Survey : February- March through November-December 2021
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False beliefs regarding COVID-19 coexist with accurate knowledge about symptoms and preventive measures and are correlated with the level of respondent’s education. Large groups of respondents reported false beliefs regarding COVID-19 which may discourage hygiene and social distancing.
Respondents demonstrated high willingness to be vaccinated if safe and free vaccine was available and to be tested for COVID-19 for free. Share of respondents who would agree to be vaccinated if free and safe vaccine was available increased from high 84 percent in October/November 2020 to 88 percent in February 2021.
Following the suspension of schooling during the second lockdown, overall participation in education/learning activities and school attendance decreased between April-November 2021 and remained very unequal. Participation in education and learning activities remained very unequal, with children in urban areas and from the wealthiest pre-COVID consumption quintiles having much higher chances to study compared to children in rural areas and from the poorest quintiles.
Every second respondent indicates that extreme weather events will likely affect negatively household’s financial wellbeing during next 12 months. Almost 70 percent of respondents experienced at least one of these shocks during the last 12 months: drought, irregular rainfall, or flood. The poorest and the rural residents were affected the most. Extreme weather events affected most or all households in the community. Delayed rainfall and droughts resulted in loss of crops in most cases. Despite being rare, floods had much wider negative impact on households leading to loss of livestock, loss or property, displacement, injury and even death of household members
There was an increase in the share of open family businesses and improvement in business revenues compared to the previous round. Access to essential goods and ability to buy desired amount remained limited especially for gasoline, cooking oil, beef, bread, sugar and rice. Inability to access essential good was the highest among the poorest respondents based on pre-COVID-19 consumption quintiles. Lack of income and high prices were mentioned as the key barriers.
Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4-5 | Round 6 | Round 7 | Round 8 | Round 9 | Round 10
The LSMS, with funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Global Financing Facility, and in collaboration with the World Bank Poverty and Equity Global Practice (GP), is providing financial and technical assistance to longitudinal high-frequency phone surveys across Africa.
