• The planning of education : where do we stand?
    Educational planning is a relatively recent phenomenon in the history of education. It has been practiced, malpracticed, or simply paid lip service in most countries, especially in developing ones, since...
    Type: Journal Article Report#: REP401 Date: November 30, 1986 Author: Psacharopoulos,George
  • Brazil - Finance of primary education
    The focal point of this study addresses public educational spending problems for primary education in Brazil and presents some possible solutions. Brazilian investment in education has increased in recent...
    Type: Publication Report#: PUB6120 Date: November 30, 1986
  • Raising school quality in developing countries : what investments boost learning?
    Low levels of student achievement and school quality persist in developing countries. The importance of school quality, in raising literacy and influencing economic development, is reviewed in this paper....
    Type: Publication Report#: WDP2 Date: November 30, 1986 Author: Fuller,Bruce Carl
  • Resource endowments, farming systems and technology priorities for sub-Saharan Africa
    Sub - Saharan Africa, owing to its large diversity of agro-climates, farming systems and endowments in land and labor resources, necessitates different types of technology to enhance agricultural production....
    Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series) Report#: ARU60 Date: November 30, 1986 Author: Binswanger,Hans P. ; Pingali, Prabhu
  • Health finance planning model
    This technical note is the first of two notes prepared as part of the ongoing work by the Population, Health and Nutrition Department on financing health care in developing countries. By means of a model...
    Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series) Report#: PHN8629 Date: November 30, 1986
  • Import elasticities of African countries : some empirical evidence
    This paper investigates import behavior in selected Sub-Saharan countries. Using time series data, estimates are made of disaggregated import elasticities. The results of which suggest systematic patterns...
    Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series) Report#: DWA8604 Date: November 30, 1986 Author: Agbonyitor,Alberto D. K.
  • The Bank's approach to subsidies
    This paper on the Bank's approach to subsidies is written primarily as an explanation for policy practitioners and as a contribution to the discussions of policy issues in the Bank's dialogue with its...
    Type: Departmental Working Paper Report#: CPD8644 Date: November 30, 1986 Author: Myers, Robert ; Brondolo, John
  • Trade, employment and growth in Peru since World War II
    During the post World War II years, Peru's per capita income growth rates went down from around 3 percent during the 1960s and 1970s to 0.5 percent between 1970 and 1981. Since then, the average per-capita...
    Type: Departmental Working Paper Report#: CPD8640 Date: November 30, 1986 Author: Nogues,Julio
  • Interest rate management in a multisector economy : theory and country expectations
    This paper addresses the questions of whether lending rates which are administratively set, should be made uniform across sectors or whether they should differ. Secondly, it asks what the effects are...
    Type: Departmental Working Paper Report#: CPD8643 Date: November 30, 1986 Author: Ghanem, Hafez ; Lamdany, Ruben
  • Rural factor markets in China after the household responsibility system reform
    Although transactions in factor markets such as land, labor and credit were severely constrained by government policies in the past, recent reforms in rural areas have brought exchanges in these factors...
    Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series) Report#: ARU61 Date: November 30, 1986 Author: Lin, Justin Yifu
  • Horticultural trade of the expanded European Community : implications for Mediterranean countries
    The southward enlargement of the European Community (EC) is causing considerable concern among agricultural policymakers inside and outside the EC and especially within the fruit and vegetable subsector....
    Type: Publication Report#: 11811 Date: October 31, 1986 Author: Bale,Malcolm D.
  • High interest rates, spreads, and the costs of intermediation : two studies
    High interest rates have become a global concern in both the industrialized and developing countries. In some developing countries they have reached real levels far above even the unprecedented rates prevailing...
    Type: Publication Report#: IAF18 Date: October 31, 1986 Author: Hanson, James A ; de Rezende Rocha, Roberto
  • Adjustment with growth : relating the analytical approaches of the World Bank and the IMF
    The move towards closer cooperation between the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund naturally leads to questions of how the two institutions design adjustment programs that support their lending...
    Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series) Report#: ERS8 Date: October 31, 1986 Author: Khan, Mohsin S ; Montiel, Peter ; Haque, Nadeem U
  • Export promoting trade strategy : issues and evidence
    This paper evaluates new hesitations in adopting an export promoting (EP) trade strategy. It reviews past experience with trade strategies and distinguishes between the old export pessimism and the new...
    Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series) Report#: ERS7 Date: October 31, 1986 Author: Bhagwati,Jagdish N.
  • Adjustment with growth in the highly indebted middle-income countries
    This paper discusses the adjustment measures that middle-income highly indebted countries must undertake to resume growth. It briefly discusses measures undertaken by the countries in the recent past...
    Type: Departmental Working Paper Report#: CPD8636 Date: October 31, 1986 Author: Choksi,Armeane M.
  • Adding demand - side variables to study the intersection between demand and supply in Bangladesh
    Is there a latent demand for family limitation in some very poor countries in which the use of birth control has been at very low levels, even where family planning programs exist? The conventional wisdom...
    Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series) Report#: PHN8628 Date: October 31, 1986 Author: Freedman, Deborah S. ; Freedman, Ronald
  • Aid, export promotion and the real exchange rate : an African dilemma
    This paper argues that aid has unwanted side effects that require explicit policy attention. It shows that aid exerts upward pressure on the real exchange rate, leads to increased labor costs in traded...
    Type: Departmental Working Paper Report#: DRD199 Date: October 1, 1986 Author: Van Wijbergen, Sweder
  • Fiscal deficits, exchange rate crises and inflation
    Recent inflationary experience in countries like Israel, Argentina and Brazil cannot be explained using traditional views on the relation between macroeconomic policy and inflation. Keynesian views cannot...
    Type: Departmental Working Paper Report#: DRD198 Date: October 1, 1986 Author: Van Wijnbergen,Sweder
  • Evaluating participation in an African monetary union : a statistical analysis of the CFA zone
    Thirteen African nations are engaged in two monetary unions with France often referred to as the CFA Zone. Despite the acknowledged benefits of Zone membership such as convertible currency, pooled resources...
    Type: Departmental Working Paper Report#: DRD188 Date: October 1, 1986 Author: Devarajan,Shantayanan ; De Melo,Jaime A. P.
  • The debt problem and growth
    Easing the debt problem requires high-debt countries to generate significant trade and savings surpluses. If this has to be achieved quickly these surpluses can only be built up through contractive measures...
    Type: Journal Article Report#: REP399 Date: September 30, 1986 Author: Selowsky,Marcelo ; Van Der Tak,Herman G.
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