Report Makes the Case for Market-Based Allocation of Land, People and Capital
BEIJING, March 25, 2014 – A new report recommends that China curb rapid urban sprawl by reforming land requisition, give migrants urban residency and equal access to basic public services, and reform local finances by finding stable revenues and by allowing local governments to borrow directly within strict central rules.
As China’s people are increasingly concentrated in cities, with 200 million more urban dwellers than a decade ago, the government needs to strengthen the enforcement of environmental legislation and reduce the number of pollution-related health problems, according to the joint report by the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council.
The report was prepared over the last 14 months and the interim reports were shared on a continuous basis with China’s top policymakers as input to the government’s policy discussions on urbanization, providing an important basis for the formulation of policies on China’s new model of urbanization.
“The reform agenda the report presents would boost revenue for farmers in land sales, provide more services for migrants and encourage more responsible financing by local governments. It would also mean greener urban planning, and stronger environmental management so everyone can breathe easier,” said Jim Yong Kim, World Bank Group President. “China has already made big progress with experiments at the local level that can be expanded on a huge scale.”
“Urbanization is a powerful engine for China's sustained and healthy economic growth,” said Lou Jiwei, Chinese Minister of Finance. “It is necessary to put people at the core of urbanization, supported by institutional and systemic innovation, and unleash the development potential of urbanization through reform. We need to accelerate reform of the fiscal and tax system as well as investment and financing mechanisms, promote the application of the public-private partnership (PPP) model, to help build a diverse and sustainable urban financing mechanism. We need to gradually address the issue of basic public services for rural migrants, and create a mechanism to link the financial payment system for rural migrants transferring to urban areas, in order to achieve the goals for people centered urbanization.”
In the last 30 years, China’s record economic growth lifted half a billion people out of poverty, with rapid urbanization providing abundant labor, cheap land and good infrastructure. While China has avoided some of the common ills of urbanization, strains are showing as inefficient land development leads to urban sprawl and ghost towns, pollution threatens people’s health, and farmland and water resources are becoming scarce. With China’s urban population projected to rise to about one billion – or close to 70 percent of the country’s population – by 2030, China’s leaders are seeking a more coordinated urbanization process.
“More than any other country in the world, China has made huge progress in ending extreme poverty. It now has an opportunity to make further gains by improving the lives of the hundreds of millions residents moving into its cities,” said Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Managing Director and Chief Operating Officer of the World Bank Group. “If China stays committed and implements the necessary reforms, it could become a global model on urbanization, while winning the war on pollution, sustaining high growth rates for its economy, making cities more livable and allowing more people to benefit from development.”
“Managing urbanization is fundamental for China to achieve its goal to become a high-income country,” said Li Wei, Director of China’s Development Research Center. “Good management of urbanization is essential to unleash the potential of cities to improve efficiency and promote innovation. The key is to ensure good governance at the city level, while meeting the challenge to strengthen urban environmental protection and control pollution. It is vital to develop institutional mechanisms for efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanization.”
The report includes six priority areas for a new model of urbanization:
- Reforming land management and institutions. Because most of the urban expansion in recent years was on converted rural land, the report says currently the amount of farmland available is close to the “red line” of 120 million hectares, which is considered to be the minimum necessary to ensure food security.
More efficient use of land will require stronger property rights for farmers, higher compensation for land requisition, new mechanisms for converting rural construction land to urban uses, and market-driven pricing for urban land allocation. Legal limits should be set up on rural land taken for public purposes by local governments. The report also recommends market-based pricing for industrial land and shifting the zoning of industrial land to commercial and residential use. This would encourage the development of the services industry and provide a stronger economic base for smaller cities and lower housing costs. - Reforming the hukou household-registration system to provide equal access to quality services for all citizens and create a more mobile and versatile labor force. The hukou system needs to evolve into a residency system providing a minimum standard of public service to all residents. It should remove barriers to labor mobility from rural to urban areas, as well as between cities, to help boost workers’ wages.
- Placing urban finances on a more sustainable footing, while creating financial discipline for local governments. The report recommends moving to a revenue system that would ensure a higher portion of local expenditures is financed by local revenues, such as property taxes and higher charges for urban services. Local governments, the report says, should be allowed to borrow directly, but within strict central government rules.
- Reforming urban planning and design. In cities, basing the government prices for industrial land on market value can encourage land-intensive industries to move to smaller, secondary cities. Cities can also make better use of existing urban land through flexible zoning, with smaller plots and more mixed land use, which would lead to denser and more efficient urban development. Linking transport infrastructure with urban centers and promoting coordination among cities would encourage better management of congestion and pollution.
- Managing environmental pressures. China already has tough environmental laws, regulations and standards, so the most important task for achieving greener urbanization is enforcement. Market-based tools, such as taxes and trading systems for carbon, air and water pollution, and energy, can also be used more to meet environmental targets. China needs to focus on “green governance” by improving institutions, as well as the incentives and instruments that enable better environmental management.
- Improving local governance. The performance evaluation system of local officials could be adjusted to give greater incentives for a more efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanization process. Local governments can also improve their financial management and transparency with tools such as a medium-term expenditure framework and the full disclosure of financial accounts.
“China, in the overall process of deepening reforms, needs to draw on the useful experience of other countries. Our cooperation with the World Bank Group not only provides China with recommendations for its reform agenda, by drawing on the Bank's rich knowledge resources and global development best practices, but it also allows for a platform to contribute to the sharing of development experiences between China and other countries,” said Shi Yaobin, Chinese Vice Minister of Finance.
“Our close cooperation with the Development Research Center on this report has allowed us to combine our global knowledge on urbanization with in-depth understanding of China’s policy challenges and provide policy advice in real time,” said Klaus Rohland, World Bank Country Director for China.
