20 Years of Research and Knowledge on Trade and Private Sector Development

Since 2002, the Knowledge for Change Umbrella Program (KCP), housed in the Development Economics Vice Presidency (DEC) of the World Bank, has been supporting innovative research, data, and analytical projects to expand the knowledge frontier in development policy and practice. The KCP’s 20th anniversary celebration (“KCP20+”), to be implemented through a series of events, will serve as dialogues on knowledge generation in international development that cross sectors, generations, and borders. The events will showcase the evolution of research and knowledge in select thematic fields over the past 20 years, demonstrate the program’s impacts, and explore new solutions to tangibly strengthen the linkage between fundamental research and development interventions. The events will be anchored in the three core objectives of the KCP program: 

1. Generating, operationalizing, and disseminating knowledge
2. Transforming evidence, data, and insights into policy change
3. Improving the enabling environment to democratize development knowledge through partnerships, capacity building, and innovation

A total of three events are envisioned. The first event, centered on issues related to conflicts, migration, and climate change, took place on Nov 2, 2022. The second event took place on February 3 and focused on poverty, inequality, and human capital. This note will provide more information on the background of the third and last event, proposed to happen in June 2023.

FORMAT

The two-part hybrid event will last for three hours, separated into two equal parts. Part I will focus on trade and international integration; and Part II will deep-dive into private sector development. Each part will follow the same structure, beginning with a presentation on the evolution of research and knowledge in the respective theme. A panel discussion will follow that features diverse perspectives from stakeholder groups such as academia, governments, international organizations, non-state actors and donors. A question-and-answer session will occur at the end of each segment. 

Trade and international economic integration have been a powerful engine for growth. In the past two decades, researchers have made considerable strides in understanding how economic integration affect productivity and poverty particularly in developing countries, the effective formulation of national policies related to international integration, as well as the utilization of international cooperation to help reduce poverty and promote shared prosperity. But the recent slow-down of global trade development and increasing concerns over the distributional impacts of globalization pose new policy challenges. Similarly, a vigorous private sector is an important driver of poverty reduction. Significant analytical progress has been made on the understanding of firm dynamics and business environment to encourage entrepreneurship, spur firm growth, and incentivize the formalization of the informal sector. But issues related to resource misallocation among firms, the fragility of the financial systems, and persistent obstacles on entrepreneurship require much more in-depth analyses on best policy options. In this seminar, discussions will be focused on the evolution of knowledge in trade and private sector development over the past 20 years, including an elaboration on crucial breakthroughs, recurring themes, major lessons learned, as well as new directions in research, data, and analytical efforts in these fields.

Part I: Trade and International Integration

The evolution of knowledge

• What were the “big questions” in research, data and analytics on trade and international integration over the past 20 years? What have been the major breakthroughs in the understanding of trade and international integration, and how have they impacted policy making in developing countries?

Connecting the past, present, and future

• What are the recurring themes and/or persistent questions that still puzzle researchers and policy makers today?
• What lessons from past research are still relevant for policy makers today? What can we learn from our mistakes in the past?

The role of research in development policy and practice

• How did research in this field introduce fundamental shifts in the policy discussions around trade and international integration?
• In order to achieve a resilient and inclusive recovery, what are the most urgent policy issues that research can help shed light on?

KCP and the next 20+ years

• How can research help anticipate future challenges in the coming 20 years?
• How can KCP better turn research insights into policy impacts?
• What role can non-state actors, such as NGOs, private sector entities, and donors, play in strengthening the research and impact link?

Part II: Private Sector Development

The evolution of knowledge

• What were the “big questions” related to private sector development over the past 20 years?
• What have been the major breakthroughs in our understanding of private sector development and how have they impacted policy making in developing countries?

Connecting the past, present, and future

• What are the recurring themes and/or persistent questions that still puzzle researchers and policy makers today?
• What lessons from past research are still relevant for policy makers today? What can we learn from our mistakes?  

The role of research in development policy and practice

• How did research in this field introduce fundamental shifts in the policy discussions around private sector development?
• In order to achieve a resilient and inclusive recovery, what are the most urgent policy issues that research can help shed light on?

KCP and the next 20+ years

• How can research help anticipate future challenges in the coming 20 years?
• How can KCP better turn research insights into policy impacts?
• What role can non-state actors, such as NGOs, private sector entities and donors, play in strengthening the research and development impact link?

Select KCP- supported papers and reports on trade and international integration

• Reed, Tristan; Pereira Lopez, Mariana De La Paz; Urrutia Arrieta, Ana Francisca; Iacovone, Leonardo. (2022) Cartels, Antitrust Enforcement, and Industry Performance: Evidence from Mexico. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 10269. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Artuc, Erhan; Gomez Parra, Nicolas; Onder, Harun. (2022) The True Cost of War. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 10217. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Francis, David C.; Karalashvili, Nona; Murrell, Peter. (2022) Transactional Governance Structures: New Cross-Country Data and an Application to the Effect of Uncertainty. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 10118; Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Chalendard, Cyril Romain; Fernandes, Ana Margarida; Raballand, Gael J. R. F.; Rijkers, Bob. (2021) Corruption in Customs. Policy Research working paper, no WPS 9802, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Borin, Alessandro; Mancini, Michele; Taglioni, Daria.(2021) Measuring Exposure to Risk in Global Value Chains. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9785, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Artuc, Erhan; Brambilla, Irene; Porto, Guido. (2021) Patterns of Labor Market Adjustment to Trade Shocks with Imperfect Capital Mobility. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9775, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Artuc, Erhan; Depetris Chauvin, Nicolas M.; Porto, Guido; Rijkers, Bob. (2021) Protectionism and Gender Inequality in Developing Countries. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9750, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Leone, Fabrizio; Macchiavello, Rocco; Reed, Tristan. (2021) The Falling Price of Cement in Africa. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9706, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Broner, Fernando; Didier Brandao, Tatiana; Schmukler, Sergio L.; von Peter, Goetz. (2020) Bilateral International Investments: The Big Sur. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9501, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Chalendard, Cyril Romain; Duhaut, Alice; Fernandes, Ana Margarida; Mattoo, Aaditya; Raballand, Gael J. R. F.; Rijkers, Bob. (2020) Does Better Information Curb Customs Fraud. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9254, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Artuc, Erhan; Porto, Guido; Rijkers, Bob. (2019) Household Impacts of Tariffs: Data and Results from Agricultural Trade Protection. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9045, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Artuc, Erhan; Rijkers, Bob; Porto, Guido. (2019) Trading off the Income Gains and the Inequality Costs of Trade Policy. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 8825, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Artuc, Erhan; Christiaensen, Luc; Winkler, Hernan Jorge. (2019) Does Automation in Rich Countries Hurt Developing Ones? Evidence from the U.S. and Mexico. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 8741. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Artuc, Erhan; Bastos, Paulo S. R.; Rijkers, Bob.(2018) Robots, Tasks and Trade. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 8674, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Vargas Da Cruz, Marcio Jose; Nayyar, Gaurav; Toews, Gerhard; Vezina, Pierre-Louis. (2018) FDI and the Skill Premium: Evidence from Emerging Economies. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 8613, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Milet, Emmanuel Michel Stephane; Vargas Da Cruz, Marcio Jose; Olarreaga, Marcelo. (2017) Online exports and the wage gap. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 8160, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Lakatos,Csilla; Ohnsorge,Franziska Lieselotte. (2017) Arm's-length trade: a source of post-crisis trade weakness . Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8144 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Huidrom, Raju, M. Ayhan Kose, Franziska L. Ohnsorge. (2017). How Important are Spillovers from Major Emerging Markets? Policy Research Working Paper 8093, World Bank, Washington, DC
• Kose, M. Ayhan; Lakatos, Csilla; Ohnsorge, Franziska; Stocker, Marc. (2017) The Global Role of the U.S. Economy: Linkages, Policies and Spillovers. Policy Research Working Paper No. 7962. World Bank, Washington, DC.
• Artuc, Erhan; Ozden, Caglar. (2016) Transit migration: all roads lead to America. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7880, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Del Carpio, Ximena Vanessa; Ozden, Caglar; Testaverde, Mauro; Wagner, Mathis Christoph. (2016) Global migration of talent and tax incentives: evidence from Malaysia's returning expert program. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7875, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Kerr, Sari Pekkala; Kerr, William Robert; Ozden, Caglar; Parsons, Christopher Robert. (2016) Global talent flows. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7852, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Ahmed, S. Amer; Go, Delfin Sia; Willenbockel, Dirk Andreas. (2016) Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7628, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Pierola Castro, Martha Denisse; Fernandes, Ana Margarida; Farolec, Thomas. (2015) The role of imports for exporter performance in Peru. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7492, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Fernandes, Ana Margarida; Freund, Caroline; Pierola Castro, Martha Denisse. (2015) Exporter behavior, country size and stage of development: evidence from the exporter dynamics database. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7452, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Osorio-Rodarte, Israel; Lofgren, Hans. (2015) A product space perspective on structural change in Morocco. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 7438, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Bown, Chad P.; Reynolds, Kara Marie. (2015) Trade agreements and enforcement: evidence from WTO dispute settlement. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7242 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Larson, Donald F.; Martin, Will; Sahin, Sebnem; Tsigas, Marino. (2014) Agricultural policies and trade paths in Turkey. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 7059, Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
• Bown, Chad P.; Reynolds, Kara Marie. (2014) Trade flows and trade disputes. Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 6979 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Artuc, Erhan; Docquier, Frederic; Ozden, Caglar; Parsons, Christopher. (2014) A global assessment of human capital mobility: the role of non-OECD destinations. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6863, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Cebeci, Tolga; Fernandes, Ana M. (2013) Micro dynamics of Turkey's export boom in the 2000s. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6452, Washington, DC: World Bank.
• Cebeci, Tolga; Fernandes, Ana M.; Freund, Caroline; Pierola, Martha Denisse. (2012) Exporter dynamics database. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6229, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Parsons, Christopher Robert. (2012) Do migrants really foster trade the trade-migration nexus, a panel approach 1960-2000. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6034 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Gouel, Christophe; Jean, Sebastien. (2012) Optimal food price stabilization in a small open developing country. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5943, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Jensen, Jesper; Tarr, David G. (2011) Deep trade policy options for Armenia: the importance of services, trade facilitation and standards liberalization. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5662, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Behar, Alberto; Edwards, Lawrence. (2011) How integrated is SADC trends in intra-regional and extra-regional trade flows and policy. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5625, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Behar, Alberto; Criville, Laia Cirera i. (2011) Does it matter who you sign with comparing the impacts of north-south and south-south trade agreements on bilateral trade. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5626, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Raddatz, Claudio. (2011) Over the hedge: exchange rate volatility, commodity price correlations, and the structure of trade. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5590, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• WDR 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains
• Policy Research Reports: Globalization, Growth, and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World Economy
• Policy Research Report: Trade blocs

Select KCP- supported papers and reports on private sector development

• Bachas, Pierre Jean; Brockmeyer, Anne; Dom, Roel; Semelet, Camille Marine. (2023) Effective Tax Rates and Firm Size. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 10312; Washington, D.C. World Bank
• Reed, Tristan; Pereira Lopez, Mariana De La Paz; Urrutia Arrieta, Ana Francisca; Iacovone, Leonardo. (2022) Cartels, Antitrust Enforcement, and Industry Performance: Evidence from Mexico. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 10269. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Bruhn, Miriam; Piza, Caio.(2022) Missing Information: Why Don’t More Firms Seek Out Business Advice? Policy Research working paper no. WPS 10183; Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Ulku, Hulya; Georgieva, Dorina Peteva. (2022) Unemployment Benefits, Active Labor Market Policies, and Labor Market Outcomes : Evidence from New Global Data. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 10027 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Huneeus, Federico; Kaboski, Joseph P.; Larrain, Mauricio; Schmukler, Sergio L.; Vera, Mario. (2022) The Distribution of Crisis Credit: Effects on Firm Indebtedness and Aggregate Risk. Policy Research working paper, no WPS 9937, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Domenella,Yanina Eliana; Jamison, Julian C; Safir, Abla; Zia, Bilal Husnain. (2021) Can Business Grants Mitigate a Crisis? Evidence from Youth Entrepreneurs in Kenya during COVID-19. Policy Research working paper, no WPS 9874, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Bachas, Pierre Jean; Brockmeyer, Anne; Semelet, Camille Marine. (2020) The Impact of COVID-19 on Formal Firms: Micro Tax Data Simulations across Countries. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9437, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Didier Brandao, Tatiana; Levine, Ross Eric; Llovet Montanes, Ruth; Schmukler, Sergio L. (2020) Capital Market Financing and Firm Growth. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9337, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Heath, Rachel; Mansuri, Ghazala; Rijkers, Bob; Seitz, William Hutchins; Sharma, Dhiraj. (2020) Measuring Employment: Experimental Evidence from Urban Ghana. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 9263, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Didier Brandao, Tatiana; Huneeus, Federico; Larrain, Mauricio; Schmukler, Sergio L. (2020) Financing Firms in Hibernation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 9236, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Anginer, Deniz; Demirguc-Kunt, Asli; Mare, Davide Salvatore. (2020) Bank Capital and Risk in Europe and Central Asia Ten Years After the Crisis. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 9138, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Hallward-Driemeier, Mary C.; Kochanova, Anna; Rijkers, Bob. (2020) Does Democratization Promote Competition Evidence from Indonesia. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 9112, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Anginer, Deniz; Bertay, Ata Can; Cull, Robert J.; Demirguc-Kunt, Asli; Mare, Davide Salvatore.(2019) Bank Regulation and Supervision Ten Years after the Global Financial Crisis. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 9044, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Calomiris, Charles W.; Larrain, Mauricio; Schmukler, Sergio L.; Williams, Tomas. (2019) Search for Yield in Large International Corporate Bonds: Investor Behavior and Firm Responses. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8890, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Iacovone, Leonardo; Maloney, William F.; Mckenzie, David J. (2019) Improving Management with Individual and Group-Based Consulting: Results from a Randomized Experiment in Colombia. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 8854, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Buehren, Niklas; Goldstein, Markus P.; Klapper, Leora; Koroknay-Palicz, Tricia; Schaner, Simone Gabrielle. (2018) The Limits of Commitment: Who Benefits from Illiquid Savings Products. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8633, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Francis, David C.; Karalashvili, Nona; Murrell, Peter. (2018). Mapping the landscape of transactions : the governance of business relations in Latin America. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 8564, Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
• Avdjiev, Stefan; Hardy, Bryan James; Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem; Serven, Luis. (2018) Gross capital flows by banks, corporates, and sovereigns. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8514, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Blankespoor, Brian; Emran, M. Shahe; Shilpi, Forhad J.; Xu, Lu. (2018) Bridge to bigpush or backwash market integration, reallocation, and productivity effects of Jamuna bridge in Bangladesh. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8508, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Calomiris, Charles W.; Larrain, Mauricio; Schmukler, Sergio L.. (2018) Capital inflows, equity issuance activity, and corporate investment. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8405, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Atuesta, Laura H.; Ibarra-Olivo, J. Eduardo; Lozano Gracia, Nancy; Deichmann, Uwe Klaus. (2018) Access to employment and property values in Mexico. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8383, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Kondylis, Florence; Stein, Mattea. (2018)The speed of justice . Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8372, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Cull, Robert J.; Verrier, Jeanne Emma; Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad. (2018) Bank ownership: trends and implications. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8297, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• McKenzie, David; Paffhausen, Anna Luisa. (2017). Small Firm Death in Developing Countries. Policy Research Working Paper No. 8236. World Bank, Washington, DC. 
• Cortina Lorente, Juan Jose; Didier Brandao, Tatiana; Schmukler, Sergio L.. (2017) Corporate debt maturity in developing countries: sources of long- and short-termism. Policy Research working paper,no. WPS 8222, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Gine, Xavier; Cuellar, Cristina Martínez; Mazer, Rafael Keenan. (2017) Information disclosure and demand elasticity of financial products: evidence from a multi-country study. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8210, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Cull, Robert J.; Gan, Li; Gao, Nan; Xu, L. Colin. (2016) Social capital, finance, and consumption: evidence from a representative sample of Chinese households. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 7873, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Gine, Xavier; Mazer, Rafael Keenan. (2016) Financial (Dis-)information : evidence from a multi-country audit study. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 7750, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• McKenzie, David J.; Woodruff, Christopher Marshall. (2015) Business practices in small firms in developing countries. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 7405, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Herath, Dammika; Mckenzie, David J.; Pathak, Yuvraj; De Mel, Suresh. (2014) Radio frequency (un)identification: results from a proof-of-concept trial of the use of RFID technology to measure microenterprise turnover in Sri Lanka. Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 7064 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Groh, Matthew Robert; McKenzie, David J.; Shammout, Nour Musallam; Vishwanath, Tara. (2014) Testing the importance of search frictions, matching, and reservation prestige through randomized experiments in Jordan, Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 7030 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Gine, Xavier; Martinez Cuellar, Cristina; Mazer, Rafael Keenan. (2014) Financial (dis-)information: evidence from an audit study in Mexico. Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 6902 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Raddatz Kiefer, Claudio Enrique; Schmukler, Sergio L.; Williams, Tomas. (2014) International asset allocations and capital flows: the benchmark effect. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6866 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Otker-Robe, Inci; Podpiera, Anca Maria. (2013) The social impact of financial crises: evidence from the global financial crisis. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6703 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Choi, Moon Jung; Gutierrez, Eva; Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad. (2013) Dissecting foreign bank lending behavior during the 2008-2009 crisis. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6674, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Anginer, Deniz; Demirguc-Kunt, Asli; Huizinga, Harry; Ma, Kebin. (2013) How does corporate governance affect bank capitalization strategies. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6636, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Park, Albert Francis; Gallagher, Mary; Giles, John T.; Wang, Meiyan. (2013) China's 2008 labor contract law: implementation and implications for China's workers. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6542 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Dahiya, Sandeep; Klapper, Leora; Parthasarathy, Harini; Singer, Dorothe. (2013) The role of private equity investments in public firms: international evidence. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6484, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Didier Brandao, Tatiana; Schmukler, Sergio L.. (2013) The financing and growth of firms in China and India: evidence from capital markets. Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 6401 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Betcherman, Gordon. (2012) Labor market institutions: a review of the literature. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6276,World Development Report background papers ; 2013 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Gozzi, Juan Carlos; Levine, Ross; Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad; Schmukler, Sergio L.. (2012) How firms use domestic and international corporate bond markets. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6209, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Cull, Robert; Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad. (2012) Bank ownership and lending patterns during the 2008-2009 financial crisis: evidence from Latin America and Eastern Europe. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6195, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Love, Inessa; Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad. (2012) How bank competition affects firms' access to finance. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6163, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Raddatz, Claudio; Schmukler, Sergio L.. (2012) On the international transmission of shocks: micro-evidence from mutual fund portfolios. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6072 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Costa, Rita D.; Rijkers, Bob.(2012) Gender and rural non-farm entrepreneurship. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6066 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Eden, Maya. (2012) Should Wall-Street be occupied an overlooked price externality of financial intermediation. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6059 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Demirguc-Kunt, Asli; Klapper, Leora. (2012) Measuring financial inclusion: the Global Findex Database. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6025, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Adams-Kane, Jonathon; Jia, Yueqing; Lim, Jamus Jerome. (2012) Channels of transmission of the 2007/09 global crisis to international bank lending in developing countries. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 6011, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Fan, Yuting; Nguyen, Ha Minh; Qian, Rong. (2012) Collateralized Borrowing: Insights from The World Bank Enterprise Surveys. Policy Research working paper, no. WPS 6001 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• McKenzie, David J.; Woodruff, Christopher M.; De Mel, Suresh. (2012) The demand for, and consequences of, formalization among informal firms in Sri Lanka. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5991 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Cai, Fang; Du, Yang; Giles, John T.; Park, Albert Francis. (2012) Weathering a storm: survey-based perspectives on employment in China in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5984 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Bengui, Julien Yonathan; Nguyen, Ha Minh. (2011) Consumption baskets and currency choice in international borrowing. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5870 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Giles, John; Wang, Dewen; Cai, Wei. (2011) The labor supply and retirement behavior of China's older workers and elderly in comparative perspective . Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5853, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Klapper, Leora; Richmond, Christine. (2011) Patterns of business creation, survival and growth: evidence from Africa. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5828, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Hallward-Driemeier, Mary C.; Rijkers, Bob; Waxman, Andrew R.. (2011) Ladies first firm-level evidence on the labor impacts of the East Asian crisis. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5789 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Aterido, Reyes; Hallward-Driemeier, Mary; Pages, Carmen. (2011) Does expanding health insurance beyond formal-sector workers encourage informality measuring the impact of Mexico's Seguro Popular. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5785, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Broner, Fernando; Didier, Tatiana; Erce, Aitor; Schmukler, Sergio L.. (2011) Gross capital flows: dynamics and crises. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5768, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Raddatz, Claudio; Schmukler, Sergio L.. (2011) Deconstructing herding: evidence from pension fund investment behavior. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5700, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Cowan, Kevin Michael; Raddatz Kiefer, Claudio Enrique. (2011) Sudden stops and financial frictions: evidence from industry level data. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5605 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Cull, Robert; Scott, Kinnon. (2010) Measuring household usage of financial services: does it matter how or whom You Ask. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5048, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• Chang, Roberto; Hevia, Constantino; Loayza, Norman. (2010) Privatization and nationalization cycles. Policy Research working paper no. WPS 5029, Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
• WDR 2005: A Better Investment Climate for Everyone